2022-09-28

mysql的行怎么转为列

mysql行转列的方法:1、利用“SUM(CASE 表名 WHEN 字段名 THEN score ELSE 0 END) as 字段名”操作转换;2、利用“SUM(IF(表名=字段名,score,0)) as 字段名”操作转换。

本教程操作环境:windows10系统、mysql8.0.22版本、Dell G3电脑。

mysql的行怎么转为列

行转列

即将原本同一列下多行的不同内容作为多个字段,输出对应内容。

建表语句

DROP TABLE IF EXISTS tb_score;
CREATE TABLE tb_score(
    id INT(11) NOT NULL auto_increment,
    userid VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL COMMENT '用户id',
    subject VARCHAR(20) COMMENT '科目',
    score DOUBLE COMMENT '成绩',
    PRIMARY KEY(id)
)ENGINE = INNODB DEFAULT CHARSET = utf8;

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插入数据

INSERT INTO tb_score(userid,subject,score) VALUES ('001','语文',90);
INSERT INTO tb_score(userid,subject,score) VALUES ('001','数学',92);
INSERT INTO tb_score(userid,subject,score) VALUES ('001','英语',80);
INSERT INTO tb_score(userid,subject,score) VALUES ('002','语文',88);
INSERT INTO tb_score(userid,subject,score) VALUES ('002','数学',90);
INSERT INTO tb_score(userid,subject,score) VALUES ('002','英语',75.5);
INSERT INTO tb_score(userid,subject,score) VALUES ('003','语文',70);
INSERT INTO tb_score(userid,subject,score) VALUES ('003','数学',85);
INSERT INTO tb_score(userid,subject,score) VALUES ('003','英语',90);
INSERT INTO tb_score(userid,subject,score) VALUES ('003','政治',82);

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查询数据表中的内容(即转换前的结果)

SELECT * FROM tb_score

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先来看一下转换后的结果:

08.png

可以看出,这里行转列是将原来的subject字段的多行内容选出来,作为结果集中的不同列,并根据userid进行分组显示对应的score。

1、使用case…when….then 进行行转列

SELECT userid,
SUM(CASE `subject` WHEN '语文' THEN score ELSE 0 END) as '语文',
SUM(CASE `subject` WHEN '数学' THEN score ELSE 0 END) as '数学',
SUM(CASE `subject` WHEN '英语' THEN score ELSE 0 END) as '英语',
SUM(CASE `subject` WHEN '政治' THEN score ELSE 0 END) as '政治' 
FROM tb_score 
GROUP BY userid

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2、使用IF() 进行行转列:

SELECT userid,
SUM(IF(`subject`='语文',score,0)) as '语文',
SUM(IF(`subject`='数学',score,0)) as '数学',
SUM(IF(`subject`='英语',score,0)) as '英语',
SUM(IF(`subject`='政治',score,0)) as '政治' 
FROM tb_score 
GROUP BY userid

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注意点:

(1)SUM() 是为了能够使用GROUP BY根据userid进行分组,因为每一个userid对应的subject=”语文”的记录只有一条,所以SUM() 的值就等于对应那一条记录的score的值。

假如userid =’001′ and subject=’语文’ 的记录有两条,则此时SUM() 的值将会是这两条记录的和,同理,使用Max()的值将会是这两条记录里面值最大的一个。但是正常情况下,一个user对应一个subject只有一个分数,因此可以使用SUM()、MAX()、MIN()、AVG()等聚合函数都可以达到行转列的效果。

(2)IF(`subject`=’语文’,score,0) 作为条件,即对所有subject=’语文’的记录的score字段进行SUM()、MAX()、MIN()、AVG()操作,如果score没有值则默认为0。

3、利用SUM(IF()) 生成列 + WITH ROLLUP 生成汇总行,并利用 IFNULL将汇总行标题显示为Total

SELECT IFNULL(userid,'total') AS userid,
SUM(IF(`subject`='语文',score,0)) AS 语文,
SUM(IF(`subject`='数学',score,0)) AS 数学,
SUM(IF(`subject`='英语',score,0)) AS 英语,
SUM(IF(`subject`='政治',score,0)) AS 政治,
SUM(IF(`subject`='total',score,0)) AS total
FROM(
    SELECT userid,IFNULL(`subject`,'total') AS `subject`,SUM(score) AS score
    FROM tb_score
    GROUP BY userid,`subject`
    WITH ROLLUP
    HAVING userid IS NOT NULL
)AS A 
GROUP BY userid
WITH ROLLUP;

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运行结果:

09.png

4、利用SUM(IF()) 生成列 + UNION 生成汇总行,并利用 IFNULL将汇总行标题显示为 Total

SELECT userid,
SUM(IF(`subject`='语文',score,0)) AS 语文,
SUM(IF(`subject`='数学',score,0)) AS 数学,
SUM(IF(`subject`='英语',score,0)) AS 英语,
SUM(IF(`subject`='政治',score,0)) AS 政治,
SUM(score) AS TOTAL 
FROM tb_score
GROUP BY userid
UNION
SELECT 'TOTAL',SUM(IF(`subject`='语文',score,0)) AS 语文,
SUM(IF(`subject`='数学',score,0)) AS 数学,
SUM(IF(`subject`='英语',score,0)) AS 英语,
SUM(IF(`subject`='政治',score,0)) AS 政治,
SUM(score) FROM tb_score

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运行结果:

10.png

5、利用SUM(IF()) 生成列,直接生成结果不再利用子查询

SELECT IFNULL(userid,'TOTAL') AS userid,
SUM(IF(`subject`='语文',score,0)) AS 语文,
SUM(IF(`subject`='数学',score,0)) AS 数学,
SUM(IF(`subject`='英语',score,0)) AS 英语,
SUM(IF(`subject`='政治',score,0)) AS 政治,
SUM(score) AS TOTAL 
FROM tb_score
GROUP BY userid WITH ROLLUP;

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运行结果:

11.png

6、动态,适用于列不确定情况

SET @EE='';
select @EE :=CONCAT(@EE,'sum(if(subject= /'',subject,'/',score,0)) as ',subject, ',') AS aa FROM (SELECT DISTINCT subject FROM tb_score) A ;
SET @QQ = CONCAT('select ifnull(userid,/'TOTAL/')as userid,',@EE,' sum(score) as TOTAL from tb_score group by userid WITH ROLLUP');
-- SELECT @QQ;
PREPARE stmt FROM @QQ;
EXECUTE stmt;
DEALLOCATE PREPARE stmt;

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运行结果:

12.png

7、合并字段显示:利用group_concat()

SELECT userid,GROUP_CONCAT(`subject`,":",score)AS 成绩 FROM tb_score
GROUP BY userid

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运行结果:

13.png

group_concat(),手册上说明:该函数返回带有来自一个组的连接的非NULL值的字符串结果。

比较抽象,难以理解。通俗点理解,其实是这样的:group_concat()会计算哪些行属于同一组,将属于同一组的列显示出来。要返回哪些列,由函数参数(就是字段名)决定。分组必须有个标准,就是根据group by指定的列进行分组。

结论:group_concat()函数可以很好的建属于同一分组的多个行转化为一个列。

本地测试实例:

SELECT keyword,create_time_format,MIN(ranking) AS ranking FROM A WHERE platform=2 AND create_time<1664294400 AND create_time >=1662048000 AND ranking > 0 AND keyword =’北京装修公司’ GROUP BY keyword,create_time_format;

keyword|create_time_format|ranking|
——-+——————+——-+
北京装修公司 |2022-09-02 | 11|
北京装修公司 |2022-09-04 | 11|
北京装修公司 |2022-09-05 | 11|
北京装修公司 |2022-09-06 | 13|
北京装修公司 |2022-09-07 | 13|
北京装修公司 |2022-09-08 | 14|
北京装修公司 |2022-09-10 | 14|
北京装修公司 |2022-09-13 | 12|

SELECT keyword,
MAX(CASE create_time_format WHEN ‘2022-06-01’ THEN ranking ELSE ‘-‘ END ) AS ‘2022-06-01’,
……
MAX(CASE create_time_format WHEN ‘2022-06-30’ THEN ranking ELSE ‘-‘ END ) AS ‘2022-06-30’,
FROM (SELECT keyword,create_time_format,MIN(ranking) AS ranking FROM A WHERE platform=2 AND search_type=3 AND create_time<1656604800 AND create_time >=1654012800 GROUP BY keyword,create_time_format) tmp GROUP BY keyword;

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